[57], In RAF service, the Lancaster remained at the forefront of Bomber Command; the Lancaster B I was gradually replaced by the improved Lancaster B I (F/E) models. The Lancaster also carried a variety of smaller weapons, including the Small Bomb Container (SBC) which held 236 4 lb (1.8 kg) or 24 30 lb (14 kg) incendiary and explosive incendiary bomblets; 500 lb (230 kg) and 1,000 lb (450 kg) General Purpose High Explosive (GP/HE) bombs (these came in a variety of designs); 1,850 lb (840 kg) parachute deployed magnetic or acoustic mines, or 2,000 lb (910 kg) armour-piercing (AP) bombs; 250 lb (110 kg) Semi-Armour-Piercing (SAP) bombs, used up to 1942 against submarines; post 1942: 250 lb (110 kg) or 500 lb (230 kg) anti-submarine depth charges. The Lancaster design was an improvement upon the twin-engined Avro Manchester bomber. How Many Models Or Variants Of The Lancaster Were There? [33] However this theory neglects the fact that the two main Luftwaffe night fighters of the time, the Me 110 and the Ju 88 in their night fighter versions were all capable of 300 mph (480 km/h), thus any 50 mph (80 km/h) increase over the Lancaster's normal cruising speed of around 180 mph (290 km/h),[i] (giving a speed of 230 mph (370 km/h)) still left the Lancaster well within the interception speeds of these two aircraft. [65], Civil conversions of the type continued during the initial postwar years. In the 1930s, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was primarily interested in twin-engine bombers. The FN-20 was replaced by the very similar FN-120 which used an improved gyroscopic gun sight (GGS). Many were from Britain, but men - mostly in their late teens - also came from Commonwealth countries and included those who'd escaped from Nazi occupation in Poland, France, and Czechoslovakia. Air Marshal Arthur 'Bomber' Harris may have stepped up the bombing campaign against Germany with his first "1,000 bomber raid" against Cologne in May, 1942, but he couldn't sustain assaults on this scale. "From Warhorse to Workhorse: Lancaster Mk.10 Variants in Canada". Due to the weight, the ammunition was stored in tanks situated near the mid-upper turret's position and fed rearward in runways down the back of the fuselage to the turret. X Lancasters used the heavier, electrically-controlled Martin 250 CE 23A turret equipped with two .50 inch machine guns[29] which was mounted further forward to preserve the aircraft's longitudinal balance, and because it had an internal mechanism to prevent firing on the aircraft itself, it did not require a coaming. Throughout the 1950s, the RCAF operated seventy modified Lancasters, designated Lancaster 10MR/MPs, as Maritime Reconnaissance and Patrol aircraft in an anti-submarine role. It has been carefully restored from a vandalised state and is now a main tourist attraction. [citation needed], The Avro Lancaster was initially equipped with four Nash & Thompson Frazer Nash hydraulically operated turrets mounted in the nose, tail, mid-upper and underside. Avro Lancaster General Description The Avro Lancaster is a four-engined mid-wing monoplane of all metal construction, designed to operate as a heavy bomber. At the extreme tail-end of the fuselage, the rear gunner sat in his exposed position in the tail turret, which was entered through a small hatch in the rear of the fuselage. The transparencies were difficult to see through at night, particularly when trying to keep watch for enemy night fighters that appeared without notice astern and below the aircraft when getting into position to open fire. The company designed and started to produce radial air-cooled aero-engines in 1920. Of the 17 surviving and largely intact Lancasters known to exist, two are airworthy; one, PA474, based in Coningsby, the UK, is operated by The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and the other, called Vera (coded VR-A, FM213), is in Canada, operated by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Mount Hope, a suburb of Hamilton, Ontario. His position allowed a 360° view over the top of the aircraft, with two Browning .303 Mark IIs to protect the aircraft from above and to the side. The Avro Lancaster went on to become the most important British heavy bomber or World War 2. It also featured in a 1989 British commercial for Carling Black Label lager which reused footage in a Dam Busters parody sequence in which a German s… Amongst the final wartime operations performed by the Lancaster was the destruction of Eagle's Nest, the extensive holiday home complex used by German leader Adolf Hitler. It was also used for photo-reconnaissance and aerial mapping, as a flying tanker for aerial refuelling and as the Avro Lancastrian, a long-range, high-speed, transatlantic passenger and postal delivery airliner. The Germans had repaired an Avro Lancaster and converted it into a remote controlled bomb. The airliner was operated by a flight crew of four and carried one flight attendant. The Lancaster provided much needed performance and stability. Avro Lancaster The Avro Lancaster was a British four-engined Second World War heavy bomber designed and built by Avro for the Royal Air Force (RAF) . [48], While the Lancaster had been designed to conduct night-time operations, daylight raids were occasionally performed by the type as well. trials. Ammunition for the turret was 1,000 rounds per gun (rpg). A total of three attacks, individually codenamed Operation Paravane, Operation Obviate and Operation Catechism, were conducted against Tirpitz, which was anchored in a fjord in Occupied Norway. Mk II. How Did The Lancaster Bomber Get Its Name? [23] Compared with other contemporary aircraft, the Lancaster was not an easy aircraft to escape from as its escape hatch was only 22 in × 26.5 in (56 cm × 67 cm) in size; in a Halifax or Stirling (which both had an escape hatch 2 in (5.1 cm) wider), 25 per cent of downed aircrew bailed out successfully, and in American bombers (albeit in daylight raids) it was as high as a 50 per cent success rate while only 15 per cent of the Lancaster crew were able to bail out. The wing is constructed from five separate main sections while the fuselage is likewise composed of five sections. For the last three years of the Second World War the Avro Lancaster was the major heavy bomber used by Bomber Command to take the war to the heart-land of Nazi Germany. [12] This redesign was powered by four of the more reliable but less powerful Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, specifically adopting the form of the Merlin "Power Plant" installations which had been developed by Rolls-Royce for the earlier Beaufighter II, installed on a larger wing. While not optimal, the Lancaster was capable of flying the return journey home on only two operational engines, along with very limited distances on a single running engine. [note 4][29] Other experimental turrets were tried out, including the FN-79 and the Boulton-Paul Type H barbette system. Infinitely worse than the material cost was the scale of human loss. This is more people than all the personnel who serve in the whole of the RAF today. A total of 430 of this type were built, earlier examples differing little from their British-built predecessors, except for using Packard-built Merlin engines and American-style instruments and electrics. Lancaster play a prominent part in Appointment in London with Dirk Bogarde. Since the Rolls-Royce Vulture engines used in Manchester proved to be unreliable and underdeveloped, the aircraft was not fully successful and only 200 were built and withdrawn from combat use in 1942. "Wings on my Sleeve". [23] It possessed largely favourable flying characteristics, having been described by Goulding and Garbett as being: "a near-perfect flying machine, fast for its size and very smooth...such a delightfully easy aeroplane to fly...there are instances of Lancasters having been looped and barrel-rolled, both intentionally and otherwise". [12] The designs were so similar that an entire batch of partially constructed Manchesters were completed as Lancaster B I aircraft instead. [16], In addition to Avro, further Lancasters were constructed by Metropolitan-Vickers (1,080, also tested at Woodford) and Armstrong Whitworth. Because each dam was a different width between the towers, each plane carried two or three different sights. 1 x 12,000 lb short-delay fused "Tallboy" bomb. The Avro Lancaster was designed by Roy Chadwick and manufactured by Avro as a British heavy bomber during World War II. Photo-reconnaissance Lancasters were used to aerially survey Central and East Africa and at least one was later operated by the Ministry of Aviation. Modifications involved the installation of radar and sonobuoy operators' positions, removal of the rear and mid-upper gun turrets, installation of a 400-gallon fuel tank in the bomb bay to increase the patrol range, upgraded electronics, radar, and instrumentation, and a cooking stove in the centre section. The flight engineer sat on a collapsible seat (known as a "second dicky seat") to the pilot's right, with the fuel selectors and gauges on a panel behind him and to his right. Fitted with Merlin 85/87 which had two-stage superchargers, giving much improved high altitude performance. [citation needed], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, Lancaster pilot at the controls, left, flight engineer at right, The flight engineer checks control panel from his seat, Mark X nose with twin .303 Brownings in turret over bomb-aimer's position, Top view of the nose turret and the bomber's station. A total of 7377 Avro Lancaster-type aircraft were manufactured. (up to 1942): 5 x 250 lb short delay fuse SAP bombs for surfaced. On 10 March 1942, the first bombing mission was conducted over the German city of Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia. 780", later becoming standard on all Lancasters, while the bombsight was replaced by a simple aiming device that consisted of a simple triangle of wood with a peephole at one corner and a nail in each of the other corners such that at the correct distance the nails coincided with the towers on the dams. On all but the earliest examples this turret was surrounded by a coaming which provided a track for a cam operated interruptor device which prevented the gunner from shooting the tail of his own aircraft. [52], Prior to the decision to carry out extensive modifications under Silverplate to the Boeing B-29 Superfortress to allow it deliver atomic bombs over Japan, serious consideration was given to using the Lancaster with its cavernous bomb bay instead. Nine of these aircraft were produced, referred to as Lancaster XPPs (for Lancaster Mk.X Passenger Planes), and each was equipped with rudimentary passenger facilities. This unit was equipped with B.III (Specials), officially designated the "Type 464 (Provisioning)", modified to carry the 9,250 lb (4,200 kg) "Upkeep" bouncing bomb. Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, £21,000 to £40,000 Per Year + Generous Benefits Package, Will be used in accordance with our privacy policy, BFBS, Chalfont Grove, Narcot Lane, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8TN Although the Lancaster was primarily a night bomber, it excelled in many other roles, including daylight precision bombing, for which some Lancasters were adapted to carry the 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) Tallboy and then the 22,000 lb (10,000 kg) Grand Slam earthquake bombs (also designed by Wallis). 44 Sqn. LL.905 was the 2nd Lancaster I from the Armstrong Whitworth plant at Coventry to undergo these A.& A.E.E. [62], Between 1948 and 1949, a total of 15 former RAF Lancasters were overhauled at Langar for use by the Argentine Air Force. Based upon its performance, a decision was taken early on to reequip twin-engine bomber squadrons with the Lancaster as quickly as possible. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were pursuing the development of bombers powered by arrangements of four smaller engines; the results of these projects proved to possess favourable characteristics such as excellent range and fair lifting capacity. [17] However, during the first year of the type's career, some instances of structural failures were encountered on Lancaster B Is and a number of aircraft were lost in accidents as a result of the design limitations having been greatly exceeded. This conversion was a success resulting in eight additional Lancaster Xs being converted. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Accordingly, in 1936, the RAF also decided to investigate the feasibility of the four-engined bomber. The aircraft had an impressive lifting capacity. [51] On 13 March 1945, the first operational use of the Grand Slam was performed by a Lancaster of No. 44 Squadron, based at RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, became the first RAF squadron to convert to the Lancaster; it was quickly followed by No. As well as direct hits on very strong or durable targets (such as submarine pens) it could be used indirectly to create a. The typical aircraft was powered by an arrangement of four wing-mounted Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engines, each of which drove a 13 ft (4.0 m) diameter de Havilland Hydromatic three-bladed propeller. NA 337[88], For the 2018 flying season, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of Operation Chastise, the Canadian Warplane Heritage Lancaster is painted in the markings of Guy Gibson's 617 Squadron aircraft (Code AJ-G, ED932) when he commanded the "Dambusters" raids. [52] During the summer of 1946, Lancasters of No. Aircraft intended to carry the "Grand Slam" required extensive modifications. [55] Together with the new Avro Lincoln and Liberators, the bombers would have operated from bases on Okinawa; the envisioned invasion did not happen when such action was made unnecessary by the surrender of Japan. [38] Bulged doors were added to 30 per cent of B Is to allow the aircraft to carry 8,000 lb (3,600 kg) and later 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) "Cookies". Rounding out the 7-man crew were the ventral and rear gunners at the back of the plane. [29], The mid-upper (dorsal or top) turret was an FN-50[29][30] on early examples and the very similar FN-150 with improved sights and controls[29] on later examples. [6], In the 1930s, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was primarily interested in twin-engine bombers. [18] In response to feedback on the lack of application for the ventral turret, the ventral turret was often eliminated during the course of each aircraft's career. Most British-built Lancasters were fitted with the R1155 receiver and T1154 transmitter, whereas the Canadian-built aircraft and those built for service in the Far East had American radios. The aircraft was 69 feet 4 inches long (21.11 metres), 102 ft wide (31.09 m) and 20 ft 6 in height (6.25 m). [19], The Lancaster B I was never fully superseded in production by a successor model, remaining in production until February 1946. [52] In late 1954, the last Lancaster in active service with the RAF, an aircraft which had been used for aerial reconnaissance missions, is believed to have been retired. Starting at the nose, the bomb aimer had two positions to man. 233480. 3039. It was designed and manufactured by Avro as a contemporary of the Handley Page Halifax, both bombers having been developed to the same specification, as well as the Short Stirling, all three aircraft being four-engined heavy bombers adopted by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the same wartime era. The late war development of the Ta 154, He 219, and Me 262 as night fighters would have widened this performance gap even further. In addition, four Lancaster IIIs were converted by Flight Refuelling Limited as two pairs of tanker and receiver aircraft for development of in-flight refuelling. Other. [27], The standard crew for a Lancaster consisted of seven men, stationed in various positions in the fuselage. [29], Ultimately radar, rather than improved visibility, made the turret more effective. It first flew in January 1941 and was introduced in February 1942. 59–60. [29] The Mk. What is surprising is that such a fine aircraft should have resulted from Avro’s desperate attempts to remedy the defects of its earlier unsuccessful Manchester bomber. Before the end of the war Lancasters built in the UK standardised on the FN-82 fitted with two .50 inch machine guns and fitted with gun-laying radar as production allowed, which was also used on early models of the Avro Lincoln. It could carry up to thirteen passengers. Belfast-based aircraft firm Short Brothers had also received an order for 200 Lancaster B Is, but this was cancelled before any aircraft had been completed. Accordingly, during April 1937, a pair of prototypes of both designs were ordered. The inaugural flight from Dorval (Montreal) to Prestwick, Scotland on 22 July 1943, was completed non-stop in a record 12:26 hours; the average crossing time was about 13:25 hours. [40][41] Two Aldis lights were fitted in the rear bomb bay fairing, aimed forward so the bomb aimer could see the converging lights below his blister in the nose; the optimum height for dropping "Upkeep" was 60 ft and, when shone on the relatively smooth waters of the dam's reservoirs, the light beams converged into a figure 8 when the Lancaster was flying at the correct height. [18] A total of 50 Austin-built Lancaster B Is were constructed to a non-standard configuration, having a Frazer Nash turret installed directly above the bomb bay; this modification was largely unpopular due to its obstruction of the internal walkway, hindering crew movements. [12], Avro received an initial contract for 1,070 Lancasters. [7], The origins of the Lancaster stem from a twin-engined bomber design that had been submitted in response to Specification P.13/36, which had been formulated and released by the British Air Ministry during the mid 1930s. "Avro Lancaster – Handley Page Halifax – Short S.29 Stirling.". 617 Sqn against the Bielefeld viaduct in North Rhine-Westphalia. Follow @DrJohnRickard Tweet. At 20,000 feet, temperatures inside the cramped aircraft could plummet to minus 40, potentially leading to frostbite. What Was The Plane Used In The Dambusters Raid? These were the B.1, B.1 Special, the PR.1B1 for photographic reconnaissance, the B.1 (FE), modified for the tropics, B.II, B.III, B.III Special, the air-sea rescue variants ASR.III and ASR.3N.III, the maritime recon models GR.3 and MR.3, and the models B.IV, B.VII and B.X, the latter of which was built in Canada, as was the B.XV, of which, only one was produced). [citation needed] In August 1942, a British-built Lancaster B I, R5727, was dispatched to Canada as a pattern aircraft, becoming the first of the type to conduct a transatlantic crossing. The mid-upper gunner sat on a rectangle of canvas that was slung beneath the turret and would stay in position throughout the flight. The Avro Type 691 Lancastrian was a four-engine civil transport based on the World War II very long range heavy bomber, the Avro Lancaster. 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